Which of the following is NOT a principle of Mission Command?

• A. Competence
• B. Shared understanding
• C. Mutual trust
• D. Presumption of independence

Answer: (D)

Mission Command centers on empowering subordinates to act with initiative within the commander's intent. Its practical strength comes from three core elements: competence, shared understanding, and mutual trust. Competence means subordinates have the skills and judgment to make sound decisions under uncertainty. Shared understanding ensures everyone knows the mission, environment, and desired end state, so actions taken by different units stay aligned. Mutual trust ties these together: leaders trust their teams to act appropriately, and teams trust that leaders provide clear intent and support when needed. Presumption of independence is not a principle here. Subordinates are encouraged to take initiative, but only within the commander's intent and within established coordination and risk parameters. This balance keeps tempo and adaptability while maintaining unity of effort.